Accounting Theory Cga - 9061 Words

Slide 1 ACCOUNTING THEORY CONTEMORARY ISSUES (AT1) MODULE ONE Slide 2 ACCOUNTING UNDER IDEAL CONDITIONS Part 1 - Foundation items re the course Part 2 - Present value accounting under certainty Part 3 - Present value accounting under uncertainty Part 4 - Reserve recognition accounting Part 5 - Examination question examples Part 6 - Historical cost accounting Lecture by: Dr. A. L. Dartnell, FCGA Year 2009 - 2010 2 Slide 3 PART 1 Foundation Items re the Course Different Course Financial reporting is extremely important in our everyday life. You have heard of the many irregularities that have occurred in recent years which primarily involved financial reporting. Financial reporting is controlled by standards set so†¦show more content†¦While the current edition of the textbook has few references to Canadian standards, coverage of current Canadian standards is included in the modules, as well as, the review and assignment material. Coverage of certain United States standards is also included where these differ significantly from, or are in advance of, IASB standards. All of this material is examinable unless specifically marked to the contrary. 4 In this course, material relating to specific accounting standards is largely (but not completely) at a conceptual level. Fortunately, at this level, most standards in Canada, the United States, and internationally are broadly similar, thereby reducing the amount of detail you will have to learn. However, there are some important differences, particularly with respect to current value accounting, and these will be emphasized where appropriate. It would seem that from 2011, current Canadian standards will no longer be relevant or examinable. Future versions of this course will include only IASB and relevant United States standards. Slide 8 History and Research There is an interesting rundown on the history of accounting and research in the first 15 pages of the text. Go over them to get some background for the course. Topic 1.2 of the module notes relates to recent developments in financial accounting. It gives an excellent account leading up to the current recession and also the effect on fair value accounting which we will beShow MoreRelatedAccountancy Profession in Bangladesh9589 Words   |  39 Pagesand is reliable. Accountancy is a branch of mathematical science that is useful in discovering the causes of success and failure in business. The principles of accountancy are applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named accounting, bookkeeping, and auditing. Accountancy profession in Bangladesh: ACCOUNTANCY is a critical component of a market economys infrastructure and economically sound activity would be impossible without it. Accountancy not only provides informationRead MoreAn Exploration Of Andrew Lennards Article : Stewardship And The Objective Of Financial Statements1473 Words   |  6 PagesAn Exploration of Andrew Lennard’s Article: â€Å"Stewardship and the Objective of Financial Statements† (Lennard, 2007) An Introduction Andrew Lennard’s article, published in 2007, draws upon the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB)’s and Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)’s Preliminary Views (PV) regarding a conceptual framework for financial reporting. In his article, Lennard compares IABS’s view on a new framework concept, with an alternative view from two members within IASBRead MoreThe Effects of Ifrs on Financial Ratios12681 Words   |  51 PagesCanada By: ichel Blanchette, Franà §ois-Éric Racicot M and Jean-Yves Girard Sponsor: ock Lefebvre, MBA, CFE, FCIS, FCGA R Research and Standards, CGA-Canada Elena Simonova, MA (Economics), MPA Research and Standards, CGA-Canada About the Authors Michel Blanchette, FCMA, CA is a professor of Accounting with Università © du Quà ©bec en Outaouais. Franà §ois-Éric Racicot is a Professor of Business with Università © du Quà ©bec en Outaouais, and Jean-Yves Girard, CMA, is an IndustrialRead MoreExecutive Compensation Essay7457 Words   |  30 PagesAccounting Theory Assignment Executive Compensation [pic] Introduction Executive compensation together with corporate governance systems has received an increasing amount of attention- from the press, corporations, financial academics and also the government. An executive compensation plan is a major application of the agency theory study and, thus, an agency contract between the shareholders and CEO’s of the business, which attempt to align the interests of the owners and the managersRead MoreInternal Controls and Fraud Prevention in Non-Profit Organization2789 Words   |  12 PagesCONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 4.0 REFERENCE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦9 1.0 INTRODUCTION The Canadian non profit sector has one of the largest populations in the world, accounting for over 7% GDP and creating 2 million full time jobs for Canadians. Further discoveries was made that 78% Canadians donates money to non profit Organization irrespective of all walks of life and income bracket. These donations are received to addressRead MoreIssues in Contemporary Accounting: Differences in Accounting Standards2884 Words   |  12 Pagesthe many years of accounting practice, a lot of accounting theories have been developed. Interestingly, many of those theories are grounded on the basis of prescribing and proposing how accounting processes should be performed. These are known as normative theories of accounting as they are not built on observation, but rather upon the theoristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s deductive judgement, and subjective opinion (Goble 2009). Accounting conceptual frameworks are good examples of normative theories as they provide guidelinesRead MorePersuasive Essay - Distance Education Versus Face-to-Face Learning1853 Words   |  8 PagesDecember 1, 2009 Persuasive Essay – Game Theories Has Virtual Reality Taken Things Too Far? Distance Education versus Face-to-Face Learning In Clive Thompson’s â€Å"Game Theories†, the author illustrates how virtual worlds, such as Everquest and Second Life, have surprisingly become much like the real world. Everquest is an online virtual reality video game that allows individuals to create fictional characters to â€Å"generate goods as they play, often by killing creatures for their treasure and tradingRead MoreA Study On Selecting A Mentor1891 Words   |  8 Pagesproject mentor, including the presentation that you gave to your project mentor? Selecting a Mentor My project mentor was Mr Laeeq-ur-Rehman, who is a senior faculty member at College of Accounting and Management Sciences (CAMS) and was also my tutor for the ACCA paper P3. Mr Rehman is an ACCA, MBA, and CGA. He has mentored several students to successfully complete their Research and Analysis Project. I was inspired by his teaching techniques and his ideas. First Meeting During the first meetingRead MoreCorporate Governance Is A Requirement For Boards2663 Words   |  11 Pagesregulations, guidelines rules or laws by which the businesses are regulated, monitored and controlled. The corporate governance could vary country to country depending on their nature of culture and domestic norms and beliefs towards their business culture. (CGA , 2014) What is the role of the board in legal context with regards to the above statement? The role of the Board is to observe and guide the management of a Company/ Corporation and to stand for the interests of all the stockholders. The Board membersRead MoreTestbook Answers112756 Words   |  452 PagesScott, Financial Accounting Theory, 6th Edition Instructor’s Manual Chapter 2 Suggested Solutions to Questions and Problems 1. P.V. Ltd. Income Statement for Year 2 Accretion of discount (10% Ãâ€" 286.36) $28.64 P.V. Ltd. Balance Sheet As at Time 2 Financial Asset Cash Shareholders’ Equity $315.00 Opening balance Net income $286.36 28.64 Capital Asset Present value 0.00 $315.00 $315.00 Note that cash includes interest at 10% on opening cash balance of $150

Individuality In Daisy Miller And The Love Song Of J....

Individualism in â€Å"Daisy Miller† and â€Å"Prufrock† The two stories â€Å"Daisy Miller: A Study† by Henry James and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† by T.S. Eliot both express individuality. While â€Å"Daisy Miller: A Study† is a realistic short story and â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock† is a modernist poem they convey individuality differently. While the title character in â€Å"Daisy Miller† embraces her individuality by not caring what people think of her, Prufrock is insecure and questions who he is and how people will perceive him. Both characters have detailed traits that express who they are. Daisy appears very confident, outspoken, and has a vivacious personality. On the other hand, Prufrock starts off with an uneasy tone and has a†¦show more content†¦However, Daisy starts up a little argument with him. The narrator states, â€Å"She opened fire upon the mysterious charmer in Genevaâ₠¬  (James 113). Daisy and Winterbourne had only known each other for a few days, so Daisy had no reason to question Winterbourne’s intentions. Through her argument with Winterbourne, Daisy shows herself as being quick tempered, needy, and jealous. During the same argument Daisy states, â€Å"I don’t want you to come for your aunt†¦ I want you to come for me† (James 113). Daisy’s desire to be the center of Winterbourne’s attention makes her jealous of another woman, even if that woman is his relative. She wants to be the only reason Winterbourne goes to Rome. While Daisy is an attention craver, Prufrock is the exact opposite and does not want any attention on him. Prufrock states: And I have known the eyes already, known them all— The eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase, And when I am formulated, sprawling on a pin, When I am pinned and wriggling on the wall, Then how should I begin (Eliot 582). Prufrock describes how he feels when all the attention is on him. He feels as if he is on display and believes people will analyze and scrutinize everything about him. He then questions how he should begin a conversation, believing he will be judged. Before Prufrock goes down the stairs, he also states: With a bald spot in the middle of my hair— (They will say: â€Å"How his hair is growing thin!†) My morning

Sigmund Freuds Psycho Dynamics and Piagets Cognitive...

Describe and evaluate the theories of Sigmund Freuds psycho dynamic approach as an explanation of human behaviour. In the evaluation summarise and evaluate the cognitive perspective as an alternative explanation of human behaviour. This essay is going to describe in depth and detail the theories of Sigmund Freuds psycho dynamic approach. The strengths and weakness as an evaluation of Sigmund Freuds work. A summary and evaluation of the cognitive perspective as an alternative of human behaviour will also be identified in this essay. Sigmund Freud was born in the Czech Republic on 6 may 1856, was a neurologist who founded the discipline of psychoanalysis. He had a personal interest in hysteria a condition were psychical symptoms†¦show more content†¦Freuds idea of the unconscious mind that of a vast, dark that holds a persons shameful experiences, immoral urges, irrational needs, unacceptable sexual desires, selfishness, violent motives and fears. This part of the mind is split into three areas: the id, ego and superego. The id is present from birth and is based upon the pleasure principle. Imagine a baby, unable to communicate at this stage but is very able to want and demand food, water and attention. For the baby its me, me, me, self centred and selfish, but the baby does not know its dong this as its still learning. On the over side of the scale we have superego, developing from about the age of five, that gives us morals. â€Å"The superego consists of two systems: The conscience and the ideal sel f. The conscience can punish the ego through causing feelings of guilt. For example, if the ego gives in to id demands, the superego may make the person feel bad though guilt†. ( www.simplypsychology.org, (2011) In the middle is the ego, the purpose of which is to meet the needs of the id but also to control the super ego. The ego controls how you behave in the real world around us, based on using common sense. The ego would also harbour defence mechanisms were it will try to protect us from conflict between the id and the super ego. â€Å"The ego possesses a remarkable capacity for life preserving distortion†. (Vaillant, 1995, pp 9). Another of Sigmund Freuds theories is psychoShow MoreRelatedDefinition of Adolescent Development14194 Words   |  57 Pagesold is expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and social development. WHO considers adolescence to be the period betweenRead MoreDefinition of Adolescent Development14200 Words   |  57 Pagesis expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones. Introduction Derived from the Latin verb adolescere (to grow into maturity), adolescence is the period of transition from childhood to adulthood. Adolescent is a distinct and dynamic phase of development in the life of an individual. It is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood and is characterized by spurts of physical, mental, emotional and social development. WHO considers adolescence to be the period between

Film Summary A Patch of Blue Essay Example For Students

Film Summary A Patch of Blue Essay The introduction of Selina, Elizabeth Hartman’s character, and the actress herself, starts from the first seconds of the film A Patch of Blue. The viewer sees her hands that move along and around when she is stringing beads. From this first scene with a close-up of the girl’s hands, the audience can understand, consciously or subconsciously, that there is something special about these movements and the girl who makes them. No sighted person would touch the objects in such a manner. To the sighted majority, the world is a place experienced first and foremost through visual images. In contrast, people deprived of sight have to switch to other information sources, such as ears to hear, nose to smell and hands or skin to touch. To Selina, the world is a combination of shapes, sounds and smells, and Hartman manages to involve the viewer into this world through empathy and, obviously, through her brilliant acting. The latter is realized via various tools of the craft of acting, such as performing in the extreme physical and environmental conditions, attention to objectives and obstacles, endowment and painting a picture with words. According to the film trivia, Elizabeth Hartman wore non-transparent lenses that literally deprived her of her otherwise good eyesight. Thus, interestingly, the issue of endowment that was aimed to visually introduce the protagonist’s eye defect to the viewers, happened to play the secondary though not least important role of â€Å"blinding† the actress. In other words, an element of the film’s mise-en-scene that was a part of the heroine’s external image served the purpose of introducing the actress to the world of the people with special needs, one of whom she portrayed. Hartman temporarily submerged into the world where eyes are no longer the primary means of assessing the world. She had to establish an alien, qualitatively new contact with the environment as a blind person would do in his or her first years of blindness, be it acquired or inborn. She had to learn how to interact with her immediate environment of objects and people, such as her acting partner Sidney Poitier who played Gordon Ralfe. Evidently, Hartman’s imposed blindness was not absolute. She could still distinguish colors, shapes and, most importantly, light and darkness, which means there was plenty of room for the woman to act. In one of the chapters, Uta Hagen discusses endowment and how a â€Å"cup of cold water becomes hot coffee and stays that way† (113). For Hartman, lenses became her half-full cup of hot coffee. In sum, a relatively simple part of a character image, such as lenses, evolved from a matter of endowment into a means of making blindness real, both for the audience and the actress. In regard to the aforementioned endowment issue, it would be appropriate to discuss the obstacles to and in Hartman’s acting. Interestingly, both the lenses and the remaining sight unimpaired by them became an obstacle for the actress. The lenses were the real, non-far-fetched obstacle. Unlike the obstacles described by Hagen, where the actor had to search for or even invent hindrance that would create the drama in their acting, lenses actually made Hartman disabled. She was not fully faking her disorientation in space or difficulty moving around objects and people. Thus, lenses created an actual physical obstacle for Hartman’s performance as a sighted individual. However, the lenses also helped Elizabeth to get used to her role of a blind girl since they made blindness real for her. Interestingly, Hartman’s remaining sight unhindered by the lenses also became an obstacle. The actress had to ignore the signals that came from her eyes and the instinct to turn her head towards the light source or the acting partners, especially the usual need to establish an eye contact. The blurry shapes that Hartman’s eyes perceived became her acting obstacle. To that matter, the actress’s eyes became her hindrance on the way to a true portrayal of a blind girl. Thus, eye sight – both its hindered and functional parts – was a double obstacle. â€Å"Obstacles will be inherent in, or spring from any element of, the given material: from the character itself and from the objects themselves† (Hagen 181). Gender Roles In The Movie Showgirls EssayHowever, Gordon himself is an integral part of the social turmoil of the decade. In spite of the victories of the African-American civil rights movements of the 1960s, the integration of â€Å"people of color† into the mainstream society was not yet absolute. Undoubtedly, the movie’s being black-and-white in the era when colored film was already available is nothing but a director’s symbolic hint on the problem. For Selina, who did not see the colors and for whom the world was all black, skin color was not an issue. Unlike many other contemporaries, the blind girl could see beyond the exterior right into the essence of the human nature and loved Gordon for who he was inside. It makes her super objective of being happy and loved pure and absolute. Last but not the least, one more special acting technique that should not be omitted while analyzing the film A Patch of Blue is the art of painting a picture with words. Selina’s world is a mystery to an average viewer. One can only close one’s eyes and try to imagine what it would be like to live in darkness. By the way, Gordon tried to do the same trick in one of the scenes, and it did not end well, nor was it easy. In this respect, Selina’s words and descriptions of her sensations become an important source of the insight into the blind world. For example, Selina talks to her grandfather who is concerned about her staying outside after sunset, â€Å"Dark’s nothing to me. I’m always in the dark† (â€Å"A Patch of Blue†). Also, Selina says to Gordon the day they meet, â€Å"Your voice sounds tall† (â€Å"A Patch of Blue†). A sighted person would never use such words to describe a voice. For Selina, Gordon’s voice is not merely a sound, but also the source of understanding how tall the man is. Finally, Selina reads a Braille book for the first time and says excitedly, â€Å"I never knew you could feel words† (â€Å"A Patch of Blue†). In conclusion, Elizabeth Hartman in A Patch of Blue incorporates and brilliantly uses many tools of the craft of acting, such as performing in the extreme physical and environmental conditions, endowment, attention to objectives and obstacles, as well as painting a picture with words. The viewers observe many instances when Selina tries to â€Å"see† the world through sound, smell and, mostly, through touch. In this blind world, Hartman manages to be realistic and true when interacting with the physical environment in her lenses, or portraying a girl to whom color is of no relevance in the relationship fueled by a desire to love and be loved that has been aroused by a black man. In addition, Hartman touches the strings in the viewers’ hearts by tying her portrayal of the white blind girl to the decade of 60s, a turbulent time in the American history. Such a multifaceted actor’s performance makes the film look and feel real. Bibliography: A Patch of Blue. Dir. Guy Green. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1965. Film. Hagen, Uta. Respect for Acting. Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons, 1973. Web.